Caesar's Messiah

Endnotes

1. Michael Goulder, Type and History in Acts, William Clowes and Sons, London,
1963, pp 2-4 

2. Josephus, War of the Jews III, vii (William Whiston) 

3. Josephus, War V, xii 

4. Josephus, War VII, I 

5. Daniel 7:13 

6. Josephus, War V, ix 

7. Josephus, War Preface II, v 

8. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities XVII, xxiii 

9. 4QD 17 6-9 

10. Matthew 15:30 

11. Josephus, War VI, vi 

12. 4Q547 

13. Damascus Covenant (CD) 19.5-13, 32-20.1 

14. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Gen 49:10-12 

15. 1 Clem Prologue: 1 

16. Cyprian, ed. Princeps, 66, 8, 3 

17. Josephus, War III, viii 

18. Josephus, War III, viii 

19. Brian Jones, The Emperor Titus, St. Martin's Press, 1984, p 152 

20. Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, Titus paragraph. 4 

21. Suetonius, Lives oj the Caesars, Titus paragraph. 3 

22. Tacitus, The Histories, Book IV 

23. Suetonius: De Vita Caesaram — Divus Vespasianus, XXIII 

24. Pliny, Pan 11.1 

25. Juvenal, Satire VI, 155 

26. Juvenal, Satire X, 365 

27. Juvenal, Satire XIII 

28. Juvenal, Satire VI. The haybox was used to keep food warm for the Sabbath, to
avoid cooking. The reference to the tree is uncertain but possibly a reference to the
menorah, the seven-branched candelabrum. 

29. The Catholic Encylopedia, "Clement" 

30. Jerome, De viris illustr, x 

3 1 . Tertullian, De Praesor. Haer, c. xxxii 

32. G.A. Wells, The Jesus Legend, Open Court Publishing, 1996, p 228 

33. G.A. Wells, The Jesus Legend, p 228 

34. The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Flavia Domittilla" 

35. Babylonian Talmud, Gitt. 56b-57a

348

Endnotes 349

36. The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Flavia Domittilla" 

37. Josephus, Life, XII 

38. Josephus, Ant. XIV, x, ii 

39. Josephus, War III, x 

40. Juvenal, The Sixteen Satires, 4 

41. Josephus, War III, x 

42. Josephus, War III, x 

43. Josephus, War III, x 

44. Josephus, War III, x 

45. Josephus, War III, ix 

46. Josephus, War III, x 

47. Josephus, War VI, iii 

48. Josephus, War VI, iii 

49. Exodus 12:7 

50. Exodus 12:9 

51. Strong's Concordance 1223 

52. Strong's Concordance 1330 

53. Strong's Concordance 5590 

54. Matthew 27:25 

55. Josephus, War VI, viii 

56. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History V, xxvi 

57. Josephus, War VI, iii 

58. Mark 5:1-20 

59. Josephus, War IV, vii 

60. Josephus, War VII, viii 

61. The term can refer either to a Roman or non-Roman armed force. 

62. Matthew 8:29 

63. 4Q560 

64. Matthew 12:43-45.65; Num 32:13-17 

66. The following quote from Bruce Chilton is an example: 

"Some have sought to get around the force of this text by saying that the word gen-
eration here really means race, and that Jesus was simply saying that the Jewish
race would not die out until all these things took place. Is that true? I challenge
you: Get out your concordance and look up every New Testament occurrence of the
word generation (in Greek, genea) and see if it ever means 'race' in any other con-
text. Here are all the references for the Gospels: Matthew 1:17; 11:16; 12:39,41,42,
45; 16:4; 17:17; 23:36; 24:34; Mark 8:12, 38; 9:19; 13:30; Luke 1:48, 50; 7:31; 9:41;
11:29, 30, 31, 32, 50, 51; 18:8; 17:25; 21:32. Not one of these references is speaking
of the entire Jewish race over thousands of years; all use the word in its normal
sense of the sum total of those living at the same time. It always refers to contem-
poraries. In fact, those who say it means 'race' tend to acknowledge this fact, but
explain that the word suddenly changes its meaning when Jesus uses it in Matthew
24!" Bruce Chilton, What Happened in AD70? Kingdom Publications, 1997, p 89 

67. Josephus, Life 65, 363 

68. Josephus, War V, xiii 

69. Josephus, War VI, viii 

70. Joseph Klausner, Jesus of Nazareth, George Allen & Unwin LTD, 1925, p 266 

71. Josephus, War VII, vi 

72. Josephus, War VII, vi 

73. Josephus, War V, x 

74. Josephus, War VI, ix 

75. Mark 5:5 

76. Josephus, War VII, v

350 Caesar's Messiah

77. Mark 5:15-20 

78. Josephus, War VI, ix 

79. Josephus, War VII, v 

80. The identification of John as the "Beloved Disciple" is the only straightforward
reading of the text and was also the tradition maintained by Irenaeus, in the Mura-
torian Fragment and in the Latin Anti-Marcionite Prologue. Nevertheless, certain
scholars have disputed whether the Beloved Disciple really was "John," though they
are unable to agree on who he might have been. The relevant point for our pur-
poses is not when this chapter was inserted into the Gospels, or if it was composed
by someone with the name of "John," but only that the author's intent was to use
the identification of "John" as the Beloved Disciple as part of the system of
prophecy between Jesus and Titus. 

81. Josephus, War VII, ii 

82. 1QH vl, 24-27 

83. Josephus, War VI, ii 

84. Strong's Concordance, 3136, 3137 

85. Mark 5:20 

86. John 21:24 

87. Luke 12:41-53 

88. Josephus, War V, hi 

89. John, 6:53 

90. Strong's Concordance 4991 

91. Strong's Concordance 4990 

92. Josephus, War VI, iv 

93. Josephus, Ant. VJH, ii 

94. Josephus, War VII, vi 

95. Josephus, War VII, vi 

96. Josephus, War VII, vi 

97. John 12:10 

98. Josephus, War VI, ii 

99. David Noel Freedman, The Unity of the Hebrew Bible, 1991, p 57 

100. Mary Douglas, Leviticus as Literature, 1999, pp 236-37 

101. Robert Alter, The Art of Biblical Narrative, 1981; Yairah Amit, Reading Biblical
Narratives, 2001 

102. Theophratus, Enquiry Into Plants and Minor Works on Odors and Weather Signs,
Loeb edition, 1916; and HP2.7.6-Passs.Id CPI.18.9 

103. Joseph Klausner, Jesus of Nazareth, p 330 

104. Targum, pseudo- Jonathan on Gen. 49:10-12 

105. Matthew 26:39 

106. josephus, War VI, iii 

107. Hosea vi, ii, P.W. Schmiede, Encyclopedia Biblica, Black, 1901 

108. Strong's Concordance 4404 

109. Strongs Concordance 901 

110. Strong's Concordance 3029 

111. Of note is the fact that the word the author uses for this handkerchief,
"soudarion," is one of the few words in the New Testament that is neither Hebrew
nor Greek, being of Latin origin. 

112. John 20:1-5 

113. Strong's Concordance 4578 

1 14. I am not the first to posit that there was more than one "Mary Magdalene."
Eusebius also noticed the contradictions between the various versions of the first
visit to the empty tomb and attempted to "harmonize" the four versions by claim-
ing that there must have been more than one "Mary Magdalene."

Endnotes 351

115. Palimpsest in Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai: Evangelion da-
Mepharreshe. 

EC Burkitt, ed. 2 vols. Cambridge, 1904 

Monastery at Koridethi in the Caucasus: "The Text of the Gospels and the Koridethi
Text," Harvard Theological Review 16:1923, pp 267-86; and "Codex 1 of the Gospels
and its Allies," Texts and Studies 7(3): 1902 

116. The Complete Gospels. Robert J. Miller editor, Sonoma, Polebridge Press, 1992 

117. Josephus, WarVH, x 

118. Josephus, War III, ix & x 

119. Juvenal, Satire XIV, 96 

120. 4Q252 

121. 4Q285 

122. Josephus, Ant. VIII, x 

123. Josephus, War VI, II 

124. Josephus, War VII, II. 

125. Josephus, War VII. VI 

126. Josephus, War VII, VI 

127. Josephus, Ant. VIII, ii — Note: some editions misprint "foot" instead of "Root" 

128. Josephus, War VI, v 

129. Matthew 24:3-44 

130. Robert Eisenman, James the Brother of Jesus, Penquin, 1999, p 358 

131. Josephus, preface to War 

132. Josephus, War IV, iii 

133. Josephus, War IV, v 

134. Matthew 23:35 

135. William Whiston was an 18th-century mathematician, theologian and linguist.
He was appointed assistant to Sir Isaac Newton in 1701 and published an edition of
Euclid for student use at that time. In 1703 he succeeded Newton as Lucasian pro-
fessor. He fell out with Newton over their different interpretations of the Bible.
Whiston's cosmology conflicted with Newton's in that he believed that God directly
intervened in the lives of men, an understanding that he obtained from his readings
of Josephus, whose works he translated. His English translation of Josephus is still
in print and is the translation used throughout this work. 

136. R. Brown, Christ's Second Coming, Will it be Pre-millennial? 1858, p 435 

137. Josephus, War V, iv 

138. Josephus, War V, iii 

139. Josephus, War VI, v 

140. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History III, vii 

141. Josephus, War VII, x 

142. Josephus, War VII, iii 

143. Josephus, War VII, xii 

144. Acts 4:6, 25:13 

145. Acts 1:18 

146. Josephus, War VII, x 

147. Zecharias 11:121 

148. Matthew 27:9 

149. Malachi 3:1-2 

150. David S. Dockery, Biblical Interpretation Then and Now, 1992, p 33 

151. lQpHab, 4Q169 etc. 

152. Josephus, Ant. XVII, iv 

153. Mary Douglas, Leviticus as Literature, 2000, pp 234-40 

154. Josephus, War VII, iii 

155. Livy, The History of Rome VIII, ix

352 Caesar's Messiah

156. Acts 25:27-32 

157. For a discussion see Albert A Bell, "Josephus the Satirist? A Clue to the Origi-
nal Form of the Testimonium Flavianum," Jewish Quarterly Review, 67,1976, pp
16-22 

158. Josephus, War V, hi 

159. Josephus, Ant. XVII, iii 

160. Josephus, War II, iv 

161. Josephus, War (Preface), I 

162. Josephus, War V, iv 

163. 2 Cor 7:6-15 

164. Brian Jones,The Emperor Titus, St. Martin's Press, 1984, p 152 

165. Josephus, War V, ii 

166. Josephus, War VII, x 

167. St. Augustine, The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers IIIV1I 

168. Josephus, Ant. X, iv 

169. Josephus, War I, ii 

170. Brian Jones,The Emperor Titus, St. Martin's Press, 1984, p 45 

171. Suetonius, Vesp. 5 

172. Daniel 9:24 

173. Daniel 9:25 

174. Daniel 9:26 

175. Daniel 9:27 

176. Josephus, War VI, ii 

177. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History III, v 

178. Matthew 24:15
178. Daniel 12:11 

180. Josephus, War VI, ii 

181. Josephus, War X, xi 

182. Josephus, Ant. X, iii 

183. 1 Kings, 4:1-37,42-44 

184. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History I, iv 

185. Exodus 32:28; & II Cor. 3:16-18 

186. Acts 2:41 

187. Josephus, War VII, ix 

188. Josephus, War VII, ix 

189. Josephus, War V, vi 

190. Judges 13:1 

191. Daniel 9:2 

192. John 5:1 

193. Josephus, War V, vi 

194. Daniel 9:27 

195. Josephus, War II, viii; Ant. XVIII, i 

196. Josephus, War VII, viii 

197. Josephus, War VII, ix 

198. Josephus, Ant. II, xiv (Exodus 11-12) 

199. John 1:29 

200. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, vii. The Predictions of Christ. 

201. Luke 2:1-5 

202. Luke 2:7, 2:16, 2:24 

203. Luke 3:10-14 

204. Luke 4:18 

205. Luke 12:13-2, 14:1-14 

206. Acts 2:44-45, 4:32-35

Endnotes

207. Luke 16:14 

208. See B. Qama 27 a or Gittim I, 6 

209. Joseph Klausner, Jesus of Nazareth, p 183 

210. B. Qama IV 5 

211. Niddad 17a 

212. Lev. R 9, Yeb II, 5 

213. Joseph Klausner, Jesus of Nazareth, p 185 

214. 4Q2469 

215. Josephus, War V iv 

216. Josephus, Ant. XII, vii 

217. Sanh9:4 

218. Josephus, War II, xx 

219. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History III, xxxii; I- VI 

220. Josephus, Ant. XX, v 

221. Damascus Document, XIV 

222. Community Rule, VIII 

223. Damascus Document, VI 

224. Community Rule, VIII 

225. Robert Eisenman, James the Brother of Jesus, p 967 

226. Robert Eisenman, James the Brother of Jesus, p 181 

227. Josephus, War II, xvii 

228. Josephus, War VI, x 

229. Josephus, War II, xvii 

230. Josephus, War VH,viii 

231. Josephus, War VII, viii 

232. Josephus, War I, i 

233. Matthew 13:55 

234. Fergus Millar, The Roman Near East, Harvard University Press,1993, p 372 

235. Josephus, War VI, i 

236. Josephus, War VII, iv 

237. Josephus, War VI, vii 

238. Josephus, War VI, vii 

239. Josephus, War VI, vii 

240. Josephus, War VI, vi 

241. Josephus, War VI, iv 

242. Josephus, War VI, iii 

243. Josephus, War VI, vi 

244. Ben Sira 48: 10-11 

245. 2 Kings 1:8 & 1 Kings 19:13 

246. 2 Kings 2:4-15 

247. Malachi4:l 

248. Matthew 3:10 

249. Malachi 3:2 

250. Josephus, War VI, v 

251. John 4:6-21 

252. Josephus, War III, vii 

253. Josephus, Ant. XVII, iii